# \[101]  Crypto and Web3 Basics

**Introduction**

This GitBook is designed to provide both beginners and enthusiasts with a comprehensive guide to understanding key concepts in the cryptocurrency and Web3 space. From emerging technologies like DePIN, Liquid Staking, and ZK-EVM, to fundamental concepts like wallets, staking, and smart contracts, this resource covers everything you need to navigate the decentralized world.

***

### **101: DePIN (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks)**

* **English**: DePIN refers to decentralized networks that operate physical infrastructure, such as internet services, energy grids, or decentralized wireless networks. These networks rely on blockchain to manage infrastructure, making them more open, accessible, and often community-owned.
* **Indonesian**: DePIN merujuk pada jaringan terdesentralisasi yang mengoperasikan infrastruktur fisik, seperti layanan internet, jaringan energi, atau jaringan nirkabel terdesentralisasi. Jaringan ini menggunakan blockchain untuk mengelola infrastruktur, sehingga lebih terbuka, mudah diakses, dan sering dimiliki oleh komunitas.

**Example Projects**: Helium Network, Filecoin

* **Key Concepts**: Community ownership, infrastructure sharing, token rewards.

**Source**: [Messari Crypto Research](https://messari.io/)

***

### **101: Liquid Staking**

* **English**: Liquid staking allows users to stake their assets in a proof-of-stake network while maintaining liquidity. Unlike traditional staking, where assets are locked up, liquid staking issues "liquid tokens" that can be traded or used in DeFi applications while still earning staking rewards.
* **Indonesian**: Liquid staking memungkinkan pengguna untuk mempertaruhkan aset mereka di jaringan proof-of-stake sambil tetap menjaga likuiditas. Berbeda dengan staking tradisional, di mana aset terkunci, liquid staking menerbitkan "token likuid" yang dapat diperdagangkan atau digunakan di aplikasi DeFi sambil tetap mendapatkan hadiah staking.

**Example Projects**: Lido Finance, Rocket Pool

* **Key Concepts**: Staking rewards, liquidity, decentralized finance (DeFi).

**Source**: [Lido Finance Documentation](https://lido.fi/)

***

### **101: ZK-EVM (Zero-Knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machine)**

* **English**: ZK-EVM is a type of Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) that uses zero-knowledge proofs to execute smart contracts privately and efficiently. This technology enhances scalability and privacy on Ethereum, making it ideal for applications where security and privacy are paramount.
* **Indonesian**: ZK-EVM adalah jenis Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) yang menggunakan bukti tanpa pengetahuan (zero-knowledge proof) untuk menjalankan smart contract secara privat dan efisien. Teknologi ini meningkatkan skalabilitas dan privasi di Ethereum, menjadikannya ideal untuk aplikasi yang membutuhkan keamanan dan privasi tinggi.

**Example Projects**: zkSync, StarkNet

* **Key Concepts**: Zero-knowledge proofs, privacy, scalability.

**Source**: [zkSync Documentation](https://zksync.io/)

***

### **101: ERC-4337 (Account Abstraction)**

* **English**: ERC-4337 introduces account abstraction, enabling new ways of managing Ethereum accounts. It separates user accounts from private key management and allows features like multi-sig wallets and smart contract wallets without changes to the Ethereum protocol.
* **Indonesian**: ERC-4337 memperkenalkan abstraksi akun, memungkinkan cara baru dalam mengelola akun Ethereum. Ini memisahkan akun pengguna dari manajemen kunci pribadi dan memungkinkan fitur seperti dompet multi-sig dan dompet smart contract tanpa perubahan pada protokol Ethereum.

**Example Use Cases**: Social recovery, gas-less transactions.

* **Key Concepts**: Account abstraction, smart wallets, decentralized applications.

**Source**: [Ethereum Foundation Blog](https://ethereum.org/en/blog/)

***

### **101: Wallet, Private Keys, Seed Phrase**

* **English**: A wallet stores your cryptocurrency by managing private keys. The private key is a cryptographic key that allows access to your funds. The seed phrase (or recovery phrase) is a human-readable form of your private keys, which allows you to recover your wallet.
* **Indonesian**: Dompet menyimpan cryptocurrency Anda dengan mengelola kunci pribadi. Kunci pribadi adalah kunci kriptografi yang memungkinkan akses ke dana Anda. Seed phrase (atau recovery phrase) adalah bentuk kunci pribadi yang mudah dibaca manusia, yang memungkinkan Anda memulihkan dompet.

**Example Wallets**: MetaMask, Ledger

* **Key Concepts**: Private key security, backup, recovery.

**Source**: [MetaMask Docs](https://metamask.io/)

***

### **101: Smart Contracts & Contract Address**

* **English**: Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms written directly into code. A contract address is a specific location on the blockchain where a smart contract resides.
* **Indonesian**: Smart contract adalah kontrak yang dieksekusi sendiri dengan syarat-syarat yang ditulis langsung ke dalam kode. Alamat kontrak adalah lokasi spesifik di blockchain di mana smart contract berada.

**Example Projects**: Ethereum, Solana

* **Key Concepts**: Automation, transparency, immutability.

**Source**: [Solidity Documentation](https://docs.soliditylang.org/)

***

### **101: Node Validator**

* **English**: Node validators are responsible for verifying transactions and adding them to the blockchain. In proof-of-stake networks, validators are chosen based on their stake, and they earn rewards for maintaining the network.
* **Indonesian**: Validator node bertanggung jawab untuk memverifikasi transaksi dan menambahkannya ke blockchain. Di jaringan proof-of-stake, validator dipilih berdasarkan jumlah stake mereka, dan mereka mendapatkan hadiah untuk memelihara jaringan.

**Example Networks**: Ethereum 2.0, Polkadot

* **Key Concepts**: Decentralization, staking, consensus.

**Source**: [Ethereum Staking Guide](https://ethereum.org/en/staking/)

***

### **101: Airdrops**

* **English**: Airdrops are distributions of free tokens to holders of certain cryptocurrencies. They are often used as promotional tools to reward early adopters or incentivize participation in a project.
* **Indonesian**: Airdrop adalah distribusi token gratis kepada pemegang cryptocurrency tertentu. Airdrop sering digunakan sebagai alat promosi untuk memberi penghargaan kepada pengguna awal atau memberikan insentif partisipasi dalam proyek.

**Example Airdrops**: Uniswap, Optimism

* **Key Concepts**: Token distribution, community engagement.

**Source**: [Airdrop Alert](https://airdropalert.com/)

***

### **101: Tokenomics**

* **English**: Tokenomics refers to the economic structure behind a cryptocurrency, including its supply, distribution, and utility within the ecosystem.
* **Indonesian**: Tokenomics merujuk pada struktur ekonomi di balik cryptocurrency, termasuk pasokan, distribusi, dan kegunaannya di dalam ekosistem.

**Example**: Bitcoin's halving model, DeFi governance tokens.

* **Key Concepts**: Supply, demand, utility.

**Source**: [CoinGecko Tokenomics](https://www.coingecko.com/en)

***

### **101: TPS (Transactions Per Second)**

* **English**: TPS is a measure of how many transactions a blockchain network can process in one second. Higher TPS signifies a more scalable network.
* **Indonesian**: TPS adalah ukuran berapa banyak transaksi yang dapat diproses oleh jaringan blockchain dalam satu detik. TPS yang lebih tinggi menunjukkan jaringan yang lebih skalabel.

**Example Networks**: Solana, Avalanche

* **Key Concepts**: Scalability, performance.

**Source**: [Solana TPS Overview](https://solana.com/)

***

### **101: Swap, Bridge, Staking, Mining**

* **Swap**:
  * **English**: A swap refers to exchanging one cryptocurrency for another, typically through decentralized exchanges (DEXs) or other platforms.
  * **Indonesian**: Swap merujuk pada pertukaran satu cryptocurrency dengan yang lain, biasanya melalui exchange terdesentralisasi (DEX) atau platform lainnya.

**Example Projects**: Uniswap, PancakeSwap

* **Source**: [Uniswap Docs](https://uniswap.org/)
* **Bridge**:
  * **English**: A bridge allows tokens or data to be transferred between different blockchain networks.
  * **Indonesian**: Bridge memungkinkan token atau data ditransfer antar jaringan blockchain yang berbeda.

**Example**: Wormhole, Synapse

* **Staking**:
  * **English**: Staking is the process of locking up your cryptocurrency in a proof-of-stake network to support its operations in exchange for rewards.
  * **Indonesian**: Staking adalah proses mengunci cryptocurrency Anda di jaringan proof-of-stake untuk mendukung operasinya dengan imbalan hadiah.

**Source**: [StakingRewards](https://www.stakingrewards.com/)

* **Mining**:
  * **English**: Mining is the process of validating and recording transactions on a blockchain network (primarily used in proof-of-work systems).
  * **Indonesian**: Mining adalah proses memvalidasi dan mencatat transaksi di jaringan blockchain (terutama

digunakan di sistem proof-of-work).

**Source**: [Bitcoin Mining Guide](https://bitcoin.org/en/how-bitcoin-works)

***

### 101: Supply

**English:** Supply in cryptocurrency refers to the total amount of coins or tokens currently in circulation or available. It is often divided into "circulating supply" (tokens available to trade), "total supply," and "max supply."

**Indonesian:** Supply dalam cryptocurrency mengacu pada total jumlah koin atau token yang saat ini beredar atau tersedia. Biasanya dibagi menjadi "circulating supply" (token yang tersedia untuk diperdagangkan), "total supply," dan "max supply."

**Example Cryptocurrencies:** Bitcoin, Ethereum

**Key Concepts:** Circulating supply, scarcity, inflation.

**Source:** [CoinMarketCap](https://coinmarketcap.com/)

***

### 101: Borrow

**English:** Borrowing in cryptocurrency allows users to take a loan by providing crypto assets as collateral. The borrowed amount usually incurs an interest rate that varies by platform.

**Indonesian:** Meminjam dalam cryptocurrency memungkinkan pengguna untuk mengambil pinjaman dengan menyediakan aset kripto sebagai jaminan. Jumlah yang dipinjam biasanya dikenakan suku bunga yang bervariasi tergantung platform.

**Example Platforms:** Aave, Compound

**Key Concepts:** Collateral, interest rates, lending platforms.

**Source:** [Aave Docs](https://docs.aave.com/)

***

### 101: Lending

**English:** Lending in crypto involves providing funds to borrowers in exchange for interest. Lenders deposit their assets on lending platforms, earning returns over time.

**Indonesian:** Lending dalam kripto melibatkan pemberian dana kepada peminjam dengan imbalan bunga. Lender menyimpan aset mereka di platform lending untuk mendapatkan keuntungan.

**Example Platforms:** Compound, MakerDAO

**Key Concepts:** Yield, risk management, decentralized finance (DeFi).

**Source:** [Compound Finance](https://compound.finance/)

***

### 101: High Cap, Low Cap, Hard Cap

**English:** In crypto, high-cap assets have large market capitalizations, low-cap assets have smaller ones, and hard cap refers to the maximum amount of tokens issued for a project, after which no more can be created.

**Indonesian:** Dalam kripto, aset berkapitalisasi tinggi memiliki kapitalisasi pasar besar, aset berkapitalisasi rendah memiliki kapitalisasi kecil, dan hard cap mengacu pada jumlah maksimum token yang diterbitkan untuk suatu proyek.

**Example Assets:** Bitcoin (High Cap), New Tokens (Low Cap)

**Key Concepts:** Market cap, supply limits, asset value.

**Source:** [Investopedia on Market Cap](https://www.investopedia.com/)

***

### 101: IDEX (Decentralized Exchange)

**English:** IDEX is a decentralized exchange (DEX) for trading various crypto assets without needing a central authority. It enables peer-to-peer trades on a blockchain.

**Indonesian:** IDEX adalah bursa terdesentralisasi (DEX) untuk memperdagangkan berbagai aset kripto tanpa memerlukan otoritas pusat. Memungkinkan perdagangan peer-to-peer di blockchain.

**Example DEXs:** IDEX, Uniswap

**Key Concepts:** Decentralization, peer-to-peer, order book.

**Source:** [IDEX Exchange](https://idex.io/)

***

### 101: ICO (Initial Coin Offering)

**English:** An ICO is a method for crypto projects to raise funds by selling tokens before the project launches. Investors buy these tokens in hopes of future profits.

**Indonesian:** ICO adalah metode bagi proyek kripto untuk mengumpulkan dana dengan menjual token sebelum proyek diluncurkan. Investor membeli token ini dengan harapan mendapatkan keuntungan di masa depan.

**Example Projects:** Ethereum, Filecoin

**Key Concepts:** Fundraising, token sale, early investment.

**Source:** [CoinDesk on ICOs](https://www.coindesk.com/)

***

### 101: Market Capitalization

**English:** Market capitalization is the total value of all tokens of a cryptocurrency in circulation, calculated by multiplying the current price by the circulating supply.

**Indonesian:** Kapitalisasi pasar adalah nilai total dari semua token cryptocurrency yang beredar, dihitung dengan mengalikan harga saat ini dengan jumlah yang beredar.

**Example Cryptocurrencies:** Bitcoin, Ethereum

**Key Concepts:** Valuation, circulating supply, pricing.

**Source:** [CoinGecko](https://www.coingecko.com/)

***

### 101: Bear Market and Bull Market

**English:** A bear market occurs when prices decline significantly, while a bull market is characterized by rising prices and optimism in the crypto market.

**Indonesian:** Bear market terjadi ketika harga turun signifikan, sedangkan bull market ditandai dengan kenaikan harga dan optimisme di pasar kripto.

**Example Situations:** 2018 Bear Market, 2021 Bull Market

**Key Concepts:** Market trends, investor sentiment, volatility.

**Source:** [Yahoo Finance on Market Trends](https://finance.yahoo.com/)

***

### 101: Centralization and Decentralization

**English:** Centralization refers to control by a single authority, while decentralization distributes control across multiple nodes or stakeholders, as seen in many blockchain networks.

**Indonesian:** Sentralisasi mengacu pada kontrol oleh satu otoritas, sedangkan desentralisasi mendistribusikan kontrol di antara beberapa node atau pemangku kepentingan, seperti pada banyak jaringan blockchain.

**Example Networks:** Bitcoin (Decentralized), Central Banks (Centralized)

**Key Concepts:** Network governance, security, resilience.

**Source:** [Blockchain Council on Decentralization](https://www.blockchain-council.org/)

***

#### 101: Web3 Projects

**English**: Web3 projects aim to create a decentralized internet where users have greater control over their data, assets, and online interactions. Web3 leverages blockchain technology, smart contracts, and decentralized applications (dApps) to empower users with self-ownership and transparency.

**Indonesian**: Proyek Web3 bertujuan untuk menciptakan internet terdesentralisasi di mana pengguna memiliki kendali lebih besar atas data, aset, dan interaksi daring mereka. Web3 memanfaatkan teknologi blockchain, smart contracts, dan aplikasi terdesentralisasi (dApps) untuk memberdayakan pengguna dengan kepemilikan pribadi dan transparansi.

**Example Projects**: Ethereum, Polkadot, Chainlink\
**Key Concepts**: Decentralization, self-sovereignty, dApps, blockchain

**Source**: [Ethereum Foundation](https://ethereum.org), [Polkadot Network](https://polkadot.network)

***

#### 102: Airdrops

**English**: Airdrops are distributions of free tokens to cryptocurrency wallets, usually as part of a marketing campaign or community-building strategy. Airdrops reward users for engaging with a project, raising awareness, and can be profitable for early adopters.

**Indonesian**: Airdrop adalah distribusi token gratis ke dompet kripto, biasanya sebagai bagian dari kampanye pemasaran atau strategi membangun komunitas. Airdrop memberi penghargaan kepada pengguna untuk berinteraksi dengan proyek, meningkatkan kesadaran, dan bisa menguntungkan bagi pengadopsi awal.

**Example Projects**: Uniswap, ENS, 1inch\
**Key Concepts**: Community engagement, token distribution, user rewards

**Source**: [Uniswap](https://uniswap.org), [1inch Network](https://1inch.io)

***

#### 103: Retrodrops

**English**: Retrodrops are reward distributions given to early project supporters based on their historical interactions with the platform. These rewards incentivize loyalty, foster a sense of community, and acknowledge early adopters' contributions.

**Indonesian**: Retrodrops adalah distribusi hadiah yang diberikan kepada pendukung awal proyek berdasarkan interaksi mereka sebelumnya dengan platform. Hadiah ini mendorong loyalitas, membangun komunitas, dan mengakui kontribusi pengadopsi awal.

**Example Projects**: Optimism, Gitcoin Grants\
**Key Concepts**: Early adopter rewards, community loyalty, contribution-based rewards

**Source**: [Optimism](https://optimism.io), [Gitcoin](https://gitcoin.co)

***

#### 104: Node Validators

**English**: Node validators are participants in a blockchain network who validate transactions and maintain the security of the blockchain. They play a crucial role in network integrity and often earn rewards for their efforts in consensus mechanisms like Proof of Stake (PoS).

**Indonesian**: Validator node adalah peserta dalam jaringan blockchain yang memvalidasi transaksi dan menjaga keamanan blockchain. Mereka memainkan peran penting dalam integritas jaringan dan sering mendapatkan hadiah dalam mekanisme konsensus seperti Proof of Stake (PoS).

**Example Projects**: Ethereum 2.0, Solana, Avalanche\
**Key Concepts**: Validation, network security, staking rewards

**Source**: [Ethereum](https://ethereum.org), [Solana](https://solana.com)

***

#### 105: Bot Scripts

**English**: Bot scripts are automated tools or scripts that perform tasks in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, such as trading, arbitrage, or transaction monitoring. While they can increase efficiency, their use must be carefully managed to avoid risks and potential manipulation.

**Indonesian**: Bot script adalah alat otomatis atau skrip yang melakukan tugas di ekosistem kripto, seperti perdagangan, arbitrase, atau pemantauan transaksi. Meskipun dapat meningkatkan efisiensi, penggunaannya harus dikelola dengan hati-hati untuk menghindari risiko dan potensi manipulasi.

**Example Scripts**: Trading bots, arbitrage bots, transaction bots\
**Key Concepts**: Automation, efficiency, risk management

**Source**: [Binance Academy](https://academy.binance.com), [Coinbase](https://www.coinbase.com)

***

#### 106: Programming Languages in Cryptocurrency

**English**: Different programming languages are used to build blockchain applications. Solidity is popular for Ethereum, Rust for Solana, and Go and JavaScript for various decentralized application development. Each language has its strengths based on the blockchain’s needs and capabilities.

**Indonesian**: Berbagai bahasa pemrograman digunakan untuk membangun aplikasi blockchain. Solidity populer untuk Ethereum, Rust untuk Solana, dan Go serta JavaScript untuk berbagai pengembangan aplikasi terdesentralisasi. Setiap bahasa memiliki keunggulannya berdasarkan kebutuhan dan kapabilitas blockchain.

**Example Languages**: Solidity, Rust, Go, JavaScript\
**Key Concepts**: Smart contract development, decentralized applications, cross-chain compatibility

**Source**: [Ethereum Solidity Documentation](https://docs.soliditylang.org), [Solana Documentation](https://docs.solana.com)
